HEPHÆSTUS (Vulcan)

HEPHÆSTUS (Vulcan).

Hephæstus, the son of Zeus and Hera, was the god of fire in its
beneficial aspect, and the presiding deity over all workmanship
accomplished by means of this useful element. He was universally
honoured, not only as the [98]god of all mechanical arts, but also as a
house and hearth divinity, who exercised a beneficial influence on
civilized society in general. Unlike the other Greek divinities, he was
ugly and deformed, being awkward in his movements, and limping in his
gait. This latter defect originated, as we have already seen, in the
wrath of his father Zeus, who hurled him down from heaven^[35] in consequence of his taking the part
of Hera, in one of the domestic disagreements, which so frequently arose
between this royal pair. Hephæstus was a whole day falling from Olympus
to the earth, where he at length alighted on the island of Lemnos. The
inhabitants of the country, seeing him descending through the air,
received him in their arms; but in spite of their care, his leg was
broken by the fall, and he remained ever afterwards lame in one foot.
Grateful for the kindness of the Lemnians, he henceforth took up his
abode in their island, and there built for himself a superb palace, and
forges for the pursuit of his avocation. He instructed the people how to
work in metals, and also taught them other valuable and useful arts.

It is said that the first work of Hephæstus was a most ingenious
throne of gold, with secret springs, which he presented to Hera. It was
arranged in such a manner that, once seated, she found herself unable to
move, and though all the gods endeavoured to extricate her, their efforts
were unavailing. Hephæstus thus revenged himself on his mother for the
cruelty she had always displayed towards him, on account of his want of
comeliness and grace. Dionysus, the wine god, contrived, however, to
intoxicate Hephæstus, and then induced him to return to Olympus, where,
after having released the [99]queen of heaven from her very undignified
position, he became reconciled to his parents.

He now built for himself a glorious palace on Olympus, of shining
gold, and made for the other deities those magnificent edifices which
they inhabited. He was assisted in his various and exquisitely skilful
works of art, by two female statues of pure gold, formed by his own hand,
which possessed the power of motion, and always accompanied him wherever
he went. With the assistance of the Cyclops, he forged for Zeus his
wonderful thunderbolts, thus investing his mighty father with a new power
of terrible import. Zeus testified his appreciation of this precious
gift, by bestowing upon Hephæstus the beautiful Aphrodite in marriage,^[36] but this was a
questionable boon; for the lovely Aphrodite, who was the personification
of all grace and beauty, felt no affection for her ungainly and
unattractive spouse, and amused herself by ridiculing his awkward
movements and unsightly person. On one occasion especially, when
Hephæstus good-naturedly took upon himself the office of cup-bearer to
the gods, his hobbling gait and extreme awkwardness created the greatest
mirth amongst the celestials, in which his disloyal partner was the first
to join, with unconcealed merriment.

Aphrodite greatly preferred Ares to her husband, and this preference
naturally gave rise to much jealousy on the part of Hephæstus, and caused
them great unhappiness.

Hephæstus appears to have been an indispensable member of the Olympic
Assembly, where he plays the part of smith, armourer, chariot-builder,
&c. As already mentioned, he constructed the palaces where the gods
resided, fashioned the golden shoes with which they trod the air or
water, built for them their wonderful chariots, and shod with brass the
horses of celestial breed, which conveyed these glittering equipages over
land and sea. He also made the tripods which moved of themselves in and
out of the celestial halls, formed for Zeus the [100]far-famed ægis, and
erected the magnificent palace of the sun. He also created the
brazen-footed bulls of Aetes, which breathed flames from their nostrils,
sent forth clouds of smoke, and filled the air with their roaring.

Among his most renowned works of art for the use of mortals were: the
armour of Achilles and Æneas, the beautiful necklace of Harmonia, and the
crown of Ariadne; but his masterpiece was Pandora, of whom a detailed
account has already been given.

There was a temple on Mount Etna erected in his honour, which none but
the pure and virtuous were permitted to enter. The entrance to this
temple was guarded by dogs, which possessed the extraordinary faculty of
being able to discriminate between the righteous and the unrighteous,
fawning upon and caressing the good, whilst they rushed upon all
evil-doers and drove them away.

Hephæstus is usually represented as a powerful, brawny, and very
muscular man of middle height and mature age; his strong uplifted arm is
raised in the act of striking the anvil with a hammer, which he holds in
one hand, whilst with the other he is turning a thunderbolt, which an
eagle beside him is waiting to carry to Zeus. The principal seat of his
worship was the island of Lemnos, where he was regarded with peculiar
veneration.

VULCAN.

The Roman Vulcan was merely an importation from Greece, which never at
any time took firm root in Rome, nor entered largely into the actual life
and sympathies of the nation, his worship being unattended by the
devotional feeling and enthusiasm which characterized the religious rites
of the other deities. He still, however, retained in Rome his [101]Greek
attributes as god of fire, and unrivalled master of the art of working in
metals, and was ranked among the twelve great gods of Olympus, whose
gilded statues were arranged consecutively along the Forum. His Roman
name, Vulcan, would seem to indicate a connection with the first great
metal-working artificer of Biblical history, Tubal-Cain.